In general we have too much governmental regulation and red tape. So why is Big Pharma an exception that needs more, not less regulation? The answer is their history of frequently unchecked greed and dishonesty.
As a physician, I prescribe medications every day and appreciate the remarkable impact that they have in treating diseases. Statins have dramatically reduced rates of heart attack. Diabetes drugs prolong and improve quality of life. Many more cancers can now be placed in remission or even cured. Arthritis drugs relieve pain and suffering.
These drugs would not be available but for a tremendous expenditure of money and resources. In a free market, why shouldn’t Big Pharma recoup their costs and make a sizeable profit? Their argument is that new drugs should have enough patent protection to recover large development costs and we should recognize that few drugs that enter expensive clinical trials ever make it to market. As well, if we reduce drug profits, fewer venture capital dollars will be invested, resulting in less drug discovery.
While these arguments have some validity, there is a troubling level of greed and conflict of interest that has affected drug research, marketing programs, and the schemes to extend patent protection and maintain high drug costs.
A recent paper in Nature indicated that global spending on prescription drugs in 2020 was expected to be $1.3 trillion, with $350 billion in the U.S. alone. The cost of cancer drugs in 2018 was estimated at $150 billion, increasing at more than 10 percent annually over the previous five years. Most new cancer drugs cost more than $100,000 per year for each patient in the U.S. alone.
Greedy repricing of older drugs
Increased costs of drugs are not simply due to high development costs. Martin Shkreli is the poster boy for greed. As CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, he notoriously raised the price of Daraprim, an old drug used to treat parasitic infections such as in AIDS patients, from $13.50 to $750 per pill. His corporate greed in running the company resulted in him being sentenced to seven years in prison for fraud. He was also forced to pay a $64.4 million fine and barred from the pharmaceutical business for life.
While he is an extreme example there are many other cases of old drugs becoming highly expensive without incremental producer cost.
Why is insulin so expensive? It was discovered in Toronto in 1923, however, Frederick Banting declined to put his name on the patent and co-inventors Collip and Best sold the insulin patent to the University of Toronto for $1 so all could afford the lifesaving drug. Yet today in the U.S., a vial of insulin may cost $300 while it is only $30 to $40 in Canada. The answer is a combination of reformulation, expanded drug patents, and the inability of U.S. payers, unlike those in most of the rest of the world, to negotiate favourable drug pricing. Because of this many people have to forgo daily use and suffer the medical consequences of diabetic complications.
A similar story relates to Mylan and their predatory pricing of EpiPens, critical for children and adults who need them to provide life-saving treatment for acute allergic reactions.
We need caps on price increases of older drugs that have more than recouped development costs.
How can drug prices be fair and price gouging avoided?
The Institute For Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) is a not-for-profit organization that determines the value of drugs based on need and performance. Other non-U.S. countries have value-based drug formularies and won’t approve drugs deemed not to be value for money. Such pricing schemes can determine fair profits for companies and preserve valuable health-care dollars for areas of greater need.
While greater use of generic drugs has reduced drug costs in most countries, a key driver of higher costs is the launch cost of expensive specialty drugs. These are used to treat complex or rarer diseases often with smaller markets. These drugs are often more expensive to produce and are harder to copy with generic formulations. Is their pricing fair? Let’s look at AbbVie which owns Humira a key drug in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and is the subject of a congressional probe for patent manipulation and price exploitation. The drug was launched in 2003 with a list price of $522 for a 40mg syringe.
The price has increased 27 times since the launch and now costs $2,984 a syringe, a 470 percent price increase. The drug cost was more recently tied to revenue targets and executive compensation, providing a corporate incentive for predatory pricing. Given sales of about $20 billion a year, it is hard to accept that the price increases are about recovering expensive development or production costs.
Need for patent reform
Drug companies receive a fair number of years of patent protection to recoup costs and profit from their invention. All too often we now see minor tweaks made to extend a patent or “pay for delay” schemes used for payoffs to generic firms to delay their entry of cheaper copies into the market. Patents should not be extended for minor adjustments and pay for delay should be illegal. Other suggestions include faster approval of bio-similars which are the generic versions of hard-to-perfectly copy expensive biological drugs, in order to hasten their availability.
Reduce conflicts of interest
Currently, most expensive trials performed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of new drugs are paid for by the sponsor company. While this is reasonable, the inherent conflict of interest in the reporting of these studies is unreasonable. The sponsor often has input into the study design, selection of participating recruitment sites, and manuscript preparation. Often they co-author the paper and most of the authors have declared conflicts of interest. Disclosure is voluntary and usually on the honour system. A study published in the Journal of General Medicine found that in 120 examined trials of new drugs, they discovered undeclared conflicts of interest in almost half the trials ranging from about $9,000 to $97,600 in author benefits.
There is concern that if authors don’t toe the party line and shade the discussion in favour of the drug, they will be excluded from future trials. Regulatory agencies need to be clear that sponsor input should be limited to trial funding and that there be no involvement in data analysis or manuscript preparation in order for the study to be used for drug approval. Journals need to impose serious consequences for authors who egregiously fail to report conflicts of interest.
Penalize fraud
It is shocking to discover that tens of billions of dollars have been imposed as drug companies’ penalties to settle fraud allegations. The penalties are to compensate for the promotion of unapproved indications, overbilling of service providers beyond negotiated pricing, kickbacks, and physician bribes. Billions of dollars have also been paid for patient harm resulting from promoting overprescribing of opioids and failure to prevent or disclose drug complications. Perhaps it is time to reduce executive compensation when criminal charges are settled and even to jail executives guilty of knowingly allowing serious patient harm.
We need a dynamic free market to stimulate discovery and promote competition. Yet some sectors, such as the pharmaceutical business, enjoy a long-term monopoly on their drugs. Predatory pricing and greed all too often drive profit, with little compassion for the hardship it causes. When such a monopoly is abused, governments and regulators need to act vigorously and effectively to limit the abuse.
