The phrase “experts say” in a media headline is a certain sign that you can safely skip the article. I can’t think of a single occasion on which I’ve read anything below those words (or the related and equally suspect framing “critics say”) and not concluded that what I was reading was really the journalists’ opinion dressed up with a lazy appeal to authority. Here is a recent classic of the genre from Global News: “Should carbon price hikes go ahead amid high cost of living? Experts say yes.” I expect the answer would be rather different from the working families that are the real experts at coping with stagflation.

Political scientists are a particular favourite of this kind of journalism. Perhaps it’s the loose use of “political” or the generous use of “science” that confuses the media, but the field is a reliably rich source of professorial platitudes. When I worked for the Government of Alberta, hardly a week passed without the same small number of poli sci profs popping up to offer opinions on the stories of the day that were no more informed, and rather less colourful, than what I overheard at my local diner. 

As it happens, and in spite of its rather amusing Teutonic pretension to being a “science,” I have a lot of respect for the discipline. In my own field of constitutional law, some of the most interesting work is being done by political scientists rather than by legal scholars, and I’m sure their work in other areas is equally valuable. But journalists rarely call on “experts” to discuss canonical theory or their own original research. Instead, they are asked to opine on the cut and thrust of everyday politics, where they have no special insight. 

Take this example from Alberta. Two professors are asked why, “after announcing she won’t answer questions on her ethics investigation,” Danielle Smith decided to “limit questions on all other topics.” And the answer? “Some political scientists” have “said Smith is making the change to avoid accountability, particularly given the recent controversy over her phone call with Calgary street pastor Art Pawlowski about his then-upcoming criminal trial.” 

They are probably right, but you don’t need a professor for that kind of analysis; any avid political watcher—heck, most people who have never heard of Danielle Smith—could have told you what a politician avoiding questions means. It doesn’t take academic expertise to parse the cut and thrust of day-to-day politics better than an average voter; it takes practical experience in elected politics. As it happens, some political scientists do have such relevant experience, but they are rarely the ones asked to comment (or perhaps they are just wise enough not to respond). 

Later in the same article we learn from the “experts” that “follow-up questions are key to getting the answers voters require, and the new rule is part of a pattern of evasion by Smith” and “[t]his is raising more doubts about trust rather than shoring up trust and confidence in the leader.” Again, this isn’t expert insight, it’s play-by-play. 

I don’t mean to pick on the professors quoted here, which is why I didn’t name them. Nothing they said was obviously wrong, it just didn’t need to be said, if it needed to be said at all, by them. They aren’t the only ones to blame here: if a journalist asks you an inane question, I suppose there’s nothing wrong with giving an equally inane answer. The real question is, why is the journalist asking them in the first place? 

Perhaps the full conversations between the reporter and the professors were masterclasses of illuminating context and profound analysis, but what made it into the article was just bland opinionating. It’s bumpf, but—and this seems to be the key—it’s bumpf with a framed degree on the wall behind it. So rarely are experts quoted for their actual expertise that it’s hard not to conclude that, consciously or not, journalists are using their credentials as rhetorical window-dressing, an academic appoggiatura to gild the writer’s own views.

In some cases, “expert” analysis is worse than merely mundane. In an Alberta election campaign notable for its silliness, by far the silliest thing said was by political science professor Duane Bratt in a CTV article about two former Progressive Conservative provincial cabinet ministers endorsing Rachel Notley’s NDP. Bratt, we are told, “said the endorsements could help the NDP secure a win on May 29.”

Set aside the fact that the two endorsers in question were poster children for why the old PC Party imploded in the first place and that one of them is a notorious Twitter troll who endorsed the NDP in the last election that they lost in a landslide, you could have walked the breadth of the province from Lake Louise to Lloydminster and not found a single voter who believed that their opinions could sway a blade of wheatgrass, except apparently the two delusional ex-ministers…and one political science professor.

Or take this example from a Canadian Press story about the recent passport redesign. The entire article is just faculty room banter patched together by the journalist to create the impression that Conservative criticisms of the Liberal changes are illegitimate. Everything you’d expect is in there: a lofty dismissal of the issue as a distraction (“an utterly fabricated issue”); a sniffy swipe at “culture wars”; and a sneering comparison to American-style campaigning. This isn’t reporting, it’s narrative building by proxy. 

If the only results of dial-a-quote reporting were to lower the general opinion of experts eager to flaunt their banality, it might actually perform a modest public service, but the long-term consequences are more damaging. By filling mainstream media with Twitter-level commentary from experts grasping beyond their expertise, journalists are making news reporting increasingly look and sound like social media—and the most dull and pedantic parts of social media at that. Perhaps next time a journalist is tempted to pad a story with a prosaic professor, they can reach for a punchy meme instead. It may not sound as authoritative, but it will probably be just as insightful and a lot more interesting.

As the school year draws to a close, students will receive their final grades. If you’re a student in the Toronto school district, it’s not easy to fail. In fact, you have to really work at it.

According to official Toronto District School Board policy, a student will be held back “only after all alternatives are exhausted and only in exceptional circumstances.” Not only does a student need to fail every single core course, but the student’s overall average must be at Level 1 (the lowest possible level) across all subjects. With requirements like these, it’s almost more difficult to fail a grade than to pass it.

Considering that other school boards in Canada have similar policies, repeating a grade is rare in most Canadian schools, at least at the K-8 level. Most school administrators oppose holding students back and argue that grade retention damages student self-esteem, claiming that research overwhelmingly supports this contention.

However, research on this issue is far from clear-cut. In fact, there’s evidence that making students repeat a grade appears to benefit them. For example, since 2013 the state of Mississippi has required Grade 3 students to repeat the year if they score below a set threshold on the state reading exam. Since this policy was implemented, Mississippi has recorded substantial improvements in student reading outcomes.

To be clear, this doesn’t necessarily mean that repeating a grade was the direct cause of Mississippi’s improved performance. Students who repeat the year also receive intensive reading instruction, and it’s possible that Mississippi’s academic improvement has more to do with these interventions than with grade retention. 

Nevertheless, even if this is the case, the data still show that being held back a year did not negatively impact most students. Thus, there’s no reason to assume that grade retention is always harmful. 

However, while a blanket ban on grade retention is obviously a mistake, it would be equally problematic to mandate rigid promotion standards. If a student works hard and falls slightly short of the grade level standard, it makes far more sense to let that student progress to the next grade with their peers than to hold that student back.

On the other hand, a student who intentionally does little work throughout the school year is a prime candidate for repeating a grade. Such a student would likely benefit from spending an additional year at the same grade level.

In short, deciding whether to make a student repeat a grade is something that needs to be considered on a case-by-case basis. This means genuinely looking at all the factors and making a decision in the best interests of the student. It’s not a time for ideological rigidity.

It’s also important to remember that contested issues in education cannot always be resolved by experiments. Of course, there’s systematic inquiry and research in education, but often the results of the research are not strong enough to identify exactly what teachers and administrators ought to do in each situation. This is certainly the case when deciding whether to make a student repeat a grade.

Because schools are in the business of educating people, not robots, we must allow for flexibility. This is true not just in individual classrooms but also at the school board level. It’s unrealistic to expect all schools to take an identical approach to grade retention. It makes far more sense to allow for a variety of options from which parents can choose.

Thus, parents who feel that their children would benefit from stricter promotion standards can enroll their children in schools that enforce these standards while those who believe their children would be harmed by being held back can choose a school that promotes them with their peers. 

Obviously, schools must be held accountable, but there’s no need to mandate the specific educational philosophy of each and every school. There should be room for many educational approaches that help students to learn. 

We must not get sidetracked by the ongoing debate over whether grade retention is a good idea. Rather, let’s focus on whether students are learning the curriculum. That’s what matters most.